Learn how fractionated palm kernel oil benefits skincare, haircare, and more. Explore its production process and why it’s a go-to ingredient for various industries.
Fractionated palm kernel oil has become a valuable ingredient in many industries, offering a range of benefits thanks to its unique properties.
This oil is known for its ability to remain stable at room temperature, making it ideal for use in cosmetics, skincare, haircare, and even the food industry.
It’s favored for its light, non-greasy texture, rapid absorption, and ability to emulsify mixtures.
These qualities make it particularly popular in personal care formulations like lotions and creams and therapeutic applications.
Its high stability and high smoke point make it a preferred option in cooking and processed foods.
Understanding how fractionated palm kernel oil works opens up possibilities for its application in numerous fields.
Related: Types of Palm Kernel Oil
Table of Contents
- Four Main Points
- What is Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil (FPKO)?
- The Process of Fractionation
- Benefits of Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
- Common Uses of Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
- Stability and Shelf Life of Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
- Health and Safety Considerations of Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
- Differences Between Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil and Other Forms
- Where to Buy Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Conclusion
Four Main Points
- Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil’s Benefits: This oil provides hydration, enhances elasticity, and nourishes skin and hair with a non-greasy feel.
- Ideal for Cosmetic and Food Products: Known for its stability, it’s widely used in lotions, creams, food production, and as a frying oil.
- Production Process: Crude palm kernel oil undergoes fractionation, separating fatty acids to create palm kernel olein and stearin.
- Non-Greasy and Fast Absorbing: The light texture absorbs quickly into skin and hair, offering smoothness and shine without residue.
Related: How Palm Kernel Oil is Extracted
What is Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil (FPKO)?
Fractionated palm kernel oil is a refined form of palm kernel oil that undergoes fractionation, a process that separates the oil into its components based on different melting points.
This results in a clear, light oil that remains liquid at room temperature, unlike regular palm kernel oil, which can solidify due to its higher saturated fat content.
The fractionation process reduces the presence of longer carbon-chain fatty acids, leaving primarily medium-chain triglycerides, including capric and caprylic acids.
These fatty acids are easily absorbed by the body and are commonly used in cosmetics, skincare, and pharmaceutical products.
The oil’s neutral scent, lighter texture, and non-greasy consistency make it a popular choice for applications like aromatherapy and personal care products.
Related: Palm Kernel Oil vs Palm Oil
The Process of Fractionation
Here’s a comprehensive breakdown of the entire fractionation process involved in producing fractionated palm kernel oil, with detailed steps:
1. Extraction of Crude Palm Kernel Oil
Before fractionation begins, crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) is extracted from the kernel of the oil palm fruit. This extraction can be done through mechanical pressing or solvent extraction.
After extraction, the oil contains a mixture of both solid and liquid fractions, as well as impurities like free fatty acids, moisture, and dirt.
2. Refining Crude Palm Kernel Oil
Crude palm kernel oil is then refined to remove impurities and unwanted components. This refining process involves:
- Degumming: The oil is treated with water or acid to remove phospholipids (gums).
- Neutralizing: Free fatty acids (FFAs) are removed by neutralizing with an alkali (usually sodium hydroxide).
- Bleaching: Activated clay or other adsorbents are used to remove pigments and other impurities.
- Deodorizing: Steam is used to remove odor-causing compounds and further reduce free fatty acid content.
This refined palm kernel oil is now ready for fractionation.
3. Heating the Refined Oil
Once the oil has been refined, it is heated to a temperature range of 60°C to 80°C (140°F to 176°F). This heating step serves to liquefy the solid fats within the oil, allowing the fractionation process to take place.
The heating makes the triglycerides (the molecules that make up fats) more fluid, easing their separation based on their differing melting points.
Related: Understanding Hydrogenated Palm Kernel Oil
4. Fractionation: Cooling and Crystallization
After heating, the oil is gradually cooled in a controlled environment. During cooling, triglycerides crystallize at different temperatures due to their distinct melting points. This crystallization happens in stages:
- Short-chain triglycerides (medium-chain fatty acids such as capric and caprylic acids) tend to crystallize first, forming solid particles.
- Long-chain triglycerides (such as lauric acid and myristic acid) stay liquid for a longer period.
At this point, the cooling temperature is carefully controlled to ensure that the components crystallize at their appropriate stages, forming distinct solid and liquid phases.
5. Separation of Solid and Liquid Fractions
After crystallization, the mixture now consists of a solid fraction (palm kernel stearin) and a liquid fraction (palm kernel olein).
The separation process is crucial to ensure that each fraction retains its desired properties. There are two common methods of separation:
- Centrifugation: The mixture is spun at high speeds in a centrifuge, causing the solidified triglycerides to separate from the liquid oil.
- Pressing: The solidified fraction can be separated by mechanical pressing, where the solid portion is squeezed out from the liquid oil.
Both methods aim to separate the solid and liquid components with minimal loss of quality and oil.
6. Results: Palm Kernel Olein and Palm Kernel Stearin
After separation, two main products are produced:
- Palm Kernel Olein: The liquid fraction, often referred to as palm kernel olein, is light, clear, and remains fluid at room temperature. This fraction is predominantly made up of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), which are ideal for use in food products like cooking oils, margarine, and snacks. Its low melting point and smooth texture make it highly favored in the food industry.
- Palm Kernel Stearin: The solid fraction, known as palm kernel stearin, remains solid at room temperature and is higher in saturated fats. Palm kernel stearin is used in non-food applications such as cosmetics, soaps, candles, and industrial products due to its ability to provide solid structure. It’s often used for its thickening and emulsifying properties.
7. Post-Fractionation Treatment
After fractionation, both palm kernel olein and palm kernel stearin can undergo further treatment, such as:
- Winterization: This process involves further cooling to remove any remaining waxes or solids that may affect the quality of the final product.
- Bleaching or Refining: To ensure that the products meet the desired purity and quality standards, additional bleaching or refining steps may be taken, particularly for palm kernel olein used in food products.
8. Benefits of Fractionation
Fractionation provides several advantages for both the producer and the end consumer:
- Purity: The process helps remove unwanted components like free fatty acids, colorants, and impurities, ensuring that the final products are pure.
- Customizable Composition: Fractionation allows for the production of specific oil fractions with tailored properties. This is particularly important for creating products with consistent textures, stability, and emulsification properties.
- Improved Usability: Fractionated palm kernel oil, particularly palm kernel olein, has a higher stability and a neutral odor, making it more suitable for use in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
Related: What is Refined Palm Kernel Oil?
Benefits of Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
- Long Shelf Life: Fractionated palm kernel oil resists rancidity, providing a stable ingredient for products with extended shelf life.
- Non-Greasy and Fast-Absorbing: The oil absorbs quickly into the skin, offering hydration without leaving a heavy, greasy residue.
- Stability Against Oxidation: It resists oxidation, ensuring active ingredients in products remain effective and maintain their benefits over time.
- Versatility in Formulations: Easily blends with essential oils and other ingredients, making it perfect for creating customized skincare and beauty products.
Related: Nutritional Profile of Palm Kernel Oil
Common Uses of Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
Common Uses of Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
- Food Industry: In food production, fractionated palm kernel oil is used for frying and baking due to its stability under high temperatures. Its neutral flavor ensures it blends seamlessly into food products without altering taste.
- Skincare: Fractionated palm kernel oil deeply hydrates and softens skin without leaving a greasy residue. It absorbs quickly, making it ideal for lotions, creams, and serums to enhance skin elasticity and smoothness.
- Hair Care: This oil nourishes and strengthens hair, reducing frizz and dryness. It penetrates hair strands deeply, improving manageability, adding shine, and working well in deep conditioning treatments, masks, and leave-in conditioners.
- Aromatherapy: In aromatherapy, fractionated palm kernel oil is an excellent carrier for essential oils. It evenly distributes oils on the skin, enhancing their therapeutic effects without altering the aroma, perfect for diffusers and massage oils.
Related: Is Palm Kernel Oil a Seed Oil?
Stability and Shelf Life of Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
When considering oils for various applications, one of the most important factors to think about is stability and shelf life. In this regard, fractionated palm kernel oil stands out as a highly reliable option.
The fractionation process, which involves separating the liquid and solid components of the oil, results in a more stable product that lasts longer without degrading.
This makes it an excellent choice for industries where long-term stability is essential, such as cosmetics, food production, and pharmaceuticals.
What Makes Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil Stable?
Fractionated palm kernel oil has a unique composition that contributes to its stability. By removing long-chain fatty acids during the fractionation process, the oil becomes less prone to oxidation and rancidity.
Oxidation can cause oils to break down, affecting their quality and safety. Since fractionated palm kernel oil contains primarily medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), it has a much lower tendency to oxidize compared to other oils that contain longer-chain fatty acids.
This property ensures the oil retains its beneficial properties over an extended period.
Longer Shelf Life
One of the most notable advantages of fractionated palm kernel oil is its extended shelf life. Unrefined oils tend to degrade more quickly due to their natural compounds and impurities, leading to a shorter shelf life.
In contrast, fractionated palm kernel oil is more refined, making it more resistant to spoilage.
This longer shelf life is particularly important for manufacturers in the beauty and food industries, as it allows them to produce products with consistent quality, even after extended storage periods.
No Need for Refrigeration
Unlike some oils that require refrigeration to maintain their freshness, fractionated palm kernel oil does not need to be kept cold to preserve its quality.
This adds to its convenience, as it can be stored at room temperature without the risk of it going rancid.
This feature is especially beneficial for businesses that need to store large quantities of oil for long periods.
Impact on Product Consistency
The stability of fractionated palm kernel oil also contributes to the consistency of the final product. In the cosmetic industry, for example, formulators often require oils that won’t change over time.
Since fractionated palm kernel oil doesn’t break down or oxidize easily, it helps maintain the texture, fragrance, and overall quality of lotions, creams, and other personal care items.
This consistent performance ensures that consumers get the same high-quality experience with each use.
Best Storage Practices
Although fractionated palm kernel oil has a long shelf life, it’s still important to store it properly. To maximize its longevity, keep the oil in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat sources.
Even though it doesn’t require refrigeration, avoiding exposure to extreme conditions will further ensure that the oil remains stable and effective for as long as possible.
Health and Safety Considerations of Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
Nutritional Profile and Health Implications
Fractionated palm kernel oil contains a high amount of saturated fats, with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) being a key component.
These MCTs are known for quick absorption and energy conversion, potentially aiding in weight management and boosting metabolism.
However, if you’re watching your cholesterol or have specific dietary restrictions, it’s best to use this oil in moderation to avoid any adverse effects. More on nutritional profile of fractionated palm kernel oil.
Allergic Reactions and Sensitivities
For most people, fractionated palm kernel oil is safe, but some might experience allergic reactions or sensitivities.
Symptoms can include mild skin irritation or digestive issues if ingested. If you’re allergic to palm oil or other tree nuts, it’s important to consult with a healthcare professional before using this oil.
Though fractionation reduces the likelihood of allergens, it’s always good to be cautious.
Environmental Impact
Palm kernel oil production has been linked to deforestation, habitat destruction, and high carbon emissions, raising environmental concerns.
The industry is moving toward more sustainable practices to minimize ecological damage.
When possible, opt for products made with certified sustainable palm oil to ensure that your purchase supports responsible production and helps protect the environment.
By considering these health and environmental factors, you can make more informed choices about using fractionated palm kernel oil, balancing personal benefits with broader impacts.
Differences Between Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil and Other Forms
When you compare fractionated palm kernel oil to other types, such as unrefined and hydrogenated versions, you’ll notice some key differences that make it stand out.
These differences stem from the unique fractionation process that separates the liquid and solid components of the oil, resulting in a lighter, more usable product for various applications.
Fractionated vs Unrefined Palm Kernel Oil
Unrefined palm kernel oil keeps its natural compounds intact, which includes vitamins and antioxidants that can be great for skin and overall health.
However, it also comes with impurities and a strong aroma, which might not be ideal for some uses. On the other hand, fractionated palm kernel oil is odorless and colorless.
This makes it more suitable for cosmetic products where a clean, consistent appearance is important. Plus, it blends better with other ingredients, without altering the fragrance or color of the end product.
Fractionated vs Hydrogenated Palm Kernel Oil
Hydrogenated palm kernel oil is chemically processed to solidify the oil, which changes its fatty acid profile.
While this might improve the stability of certain products, it often leads to the loss of the natural benefits found in the oil.
Fractionated palm kernel oil, however, maintains its beneficial properties and remains a stable base for various applications.
It’s ideal for products like lotions and creams that require a lighter, non-greasy texture, while still offering the same skin benefits as unprocessed oil.
Stability and Shelf Life
One of the major advantages of fractionated palm kernel oil is its stability and longer shelf life compared to other forms of palm kernel oil.
Manufacturers prefer this version because it remains consistent in quality and performance over time.
This reliability makes it the go-to choice for industries needing a stable base for products, whether for food or personal care.
Where to Buy Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil
When you’re ready to buy fractionated palm kernel oil, it’s important to make sure you’re getting a high-quality product. Here’s how you can make the best choice:
Shop from Trusted Suppliers
Start by purchasing from reputable sources. This includes well-established health food stores, specialty oil retailers, and trusted online marketplaces.
These suppliers are known for their commitment to quality and often provide detailed product information. Buying from them gives you confidence in the oil’s authenticity and quality.
Look for Certifications
Check the product label for certifications. You’ll want to see certifications like non-GMO or organic, as these indicate the oil has passed certain quality checks and standards.
Products with these labels are often produced with care and attention to detail. Understanding the extraction and refinement process can also help you choose the best product, as some methods preserve more of the oil’s natural benefits.
Pay Attention to Packaging
The way the oil is packaged is just as important as its quality. Go for products in dark, airtight containers to protect the oil from light and oxidation.
This helps maintain its effectiveness and longevity. Packaging plays a significant role in keeping the oil fresh until you’re ready to use it.
Read Customer Reviews
Before you make a purchase, take a moment to read customer reviews. These can offer valuable insights into the oil’s quality and performance.
Feedback from other users can guide your decision and help you choose the best fractionated palm kernel oil for your needs.
Balance Cost and Quality
While it’s tempting to go for the cheapest option, extremely low prices may indicate lower quality. Look for a good balance between price and quality.
Pay attention to the source of the oil and the ethics behind its production. Sometimes, a slightly higher price reflects better quality and production standards.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil?
It’s a refined oil separated into liquid and solid components, containing medium-chain triglycerides for faster absorption and stability.
How is Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil made?
It’s made through the fractionation of crude palm kernel oil, heating it, cooling it, and separating solid and liquid fractions.
What are the uses of Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil?
It’s used in food, skincare, haircare, and aromatherapy due to its light texture, stability, and ability to emulsify.
Is Fractionated Palm Kernel Oil safe?
Yes, it’s generally safe but may cause mild reactions in those with allergies to palm or tree nuts.
Conclusion
Fractionated palm kernel oil is a versatile and stable ingredient used in various industries, especially skincare, haircare, and food.
Its fractionation process enhances its absorption and purity, making it ideal for lightweight formulations.
The oil’s non-greasy texture, long shelf life, and oxidation resistance contribute to its popularity in personal care products, cooking, and industrial applications.
Additionally, its ability to blend well with other ingredients adds to its appeal, providing a consistent, high-quality experience across products.
Its sustainability, if sourced responsibly, also positions it as a go-to ingredient for eco-conscious consumers.
References
- ResearchGate: Usage of palm oil, palm kernel oil and their fractions as confectionery fats
- ScienceDirect: Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil Refining and Fractionation
